Safety Measures after the 2011 Joplin,Missouri, Tornado          下载免费PDF全文

Bimal Kanti Paul  Mitchel Stimers 《Geographical review》2015,105(2):199-215

Immediately following the May 2011 tornado, the city of Joplin, Missouri, initiated recovery efforts to rebuild the part of the community devastated by this event. In doing so, city officials introduced two new safety measures and recommended several others. The main objective of this paper is to explore the tornado survivors' compliance with the safety features recommended by the Joplin city authorities. Face‐to‐face interviews, as well as other methods, were used to survey respondents who were living within the tornado path (damage zones) at the time of the tornado. Results showed that 43 percent of all respondents implemented at least one recommended tornado measure in rebuild or repair their destroyed/damaged homes. Further, it was found that three variables considered here— rebuild or repair, damage zone category, and perceived tornado risk—were all significant contributors to a homeowner's decision to implement recommended tornado safety measures. The paper concludes with a recommendation for expanding tornado safety education among the respondents.  相似文献   

Linking pesticides and human health: A geographic information system (GIS) and Landsat remote sensing method to estimate agricultural pesticide exposure     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

Accurate pesticide exposure estimation is integral to epidemiologic studies elucidating the role of pesticides in human health. Humans can be exposed to pesticides via residential proximity to agricultural pesticide applications (drift). We present an improved geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing method, the Landsat method, to estimate agricultural pesticide exposure through matching pesticide applications to crops classified from temporally concurrent Landsat satellite remote sensing images in California. The image classification method utilizes Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values in a combined maximum likelihood classification and per-field (using segments) approach. Pesticide exposure is estimated according to pesticide-treated crop fields intersecting 500 m buffers around geocoded locations (e.g., residences) in a GIS. Study results demonstrate that the Landsat method can improve GIS-based pesticide exposure estimation by matching more pesticide applications to crops (especially temporary crops) classified using temporally concurrent Landsat images compared to the standard method that relies on infrequently updated land use survey (LUS) crop data. The Landsat method can be used in epidemiologic studies to reconstruct past individual-level exposure to specific pesticides according to where individuals are located.  相似文献   

Characteristics and Altitudinal Distribution of Periglacial Decay Phenomena in the Massif of Rondane,Central Norway          下载免费PDF全文

Riwan Kerguillec 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2015,97(2):299-315

The Norwegian massif of Rondane is part of the Scandes Mountains and is subject to polar, oceanic and continental influences. Because of its climatic context and its quartzitic structure, the massif has one of the thickest functional periglacial belts in Europe (1200 m). This belt is not fixed considering its translation in altitude since the end of the Little Ice Age. This mobility is continuing and involves periglacial decay dynamics which are revealed by numerous and various periglacial forms in the field. Because of their frequency in the massif and also their sensitivity to climate fluctuations, earth patches and small non‐sorted circles have a diagnostic value for current periglacial climate fluctuations. The major aim of this study is to propose several indicators of this periglacial decay and to highlight its consequences on periglacial belt mobility because these landforms enable the delimitation of a critical belt of decay in the massif.  相似文献   

基于批判地缘政治学视角解读经典地缘政治理论   总被引：26，自引：7，他引：19  

胡志丁  陆大道 《地理学报》2015,70(6)

大国间的争霸与兴衰更替,无不受地缘法则的支配。地理学者应紧跟时代的步伐,准确把握国家利益之所在,抓住机遇为民族伟大复兴做出贡献。但是,缺乏对地缘政治学的历史和哲学的批判将不能准确理解和有效实践地缘政治理论。本文简要介绍了批判地缘政治学的发展,总结了批判地缘政治学的3个特点,据此对4个经典地缘政治理论进行了解读。为了简化解读过程,首先提出了一个解读4个经典地缘政治理论的分析框架;其次根据这个分析框架重点解读了麦金德的"历史的地理枢纽";最后对4个经典地缘政治理论进行了批判性总结。通过批判性解读,得出经典地缘政治理论既有科学性一面,也有假说性和理念性的一面。经典地缘政治理论构建是基于国际地缘格局、国家利益空间分布、国家间空间冲突而构建的,并展现了理论建构者的身份,体现了地缘政治理论的历史性、社会性、情境性和地理知识—权力结构。  相似文献   

华中地区历史物候记录与1850-2008年的气温变化重建     

郑景云  刘洋  葛全胜  郝志新 《地理学报》2015,70(5)

根据历史日记中的华中地区春季植物物候、清代档案中的湖南4地降雪日数记载和区内5个树轮宽度年表,以及植物物候期、雪日观测记录等代用资料;以器测的华中整个地区的逐年气温距平为校准序列,采用逐步回归方法,结合逐一剔除法验证和方差匹配技术,重建了1850-2008年华中地区年均气温变化序列。结果表明:1自1850年以来,华中地区气温变化以年际至年代尺度波动为主要特征;但至1990年以后则迅速增暖,并超出了原有的年代际波动水平;而1920s中期至1940s中期的温暖尽管也持续了20年,但其温暖程度显著低于1990s-2000s。其间,最寒冷年代则分别出现在1860s、1890s及1950s,最寒冷的年份为1893年。2华中地区1850年以来的气温年代际波动周期为10~20年和准35年,其中1920s以前主要为12~14年,但自1940s开始则转为18~20年以及准35年。  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal trends in information technology outsourcing     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

Over the last two decades information technology (IT) outsourcing has grown dramatically, and has emerged as a strategic choice for firms searching for ways to control their costs and maintain a competitive edge. The mechanisms driving its growth are not fully understood though. In this research, we employ an approach that focuses on geographic, temporal, and industrial proximity in a mechanism that identifies the process underlying the diffusion of IT outsourcing across firms within the U.S from 2000 to 2010. We focus on the role that firm location plays in the diffusion process, and use space-time clustering techniques from the epidemiology literature to understand the diffusion process. We identify 38 space-time clusters based on IT outsourcing announcement data and the locations of firm headquarters among U.S.-based firms. When supplemented with additional information, such as type of services outsourced, the metropolitan area of the headquarters, and related industry information; the results offer insights into various types of diffusion processes that have been identified in the literature but have not been documented to date in the empirical manner that we have been able to do.  相似文献   

清末耕地空间分布格局重建方法比较   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

姜蓝齐  张丽娟  臧淑英  张学珍 《地理学报》2015,(4)

揭示历史时期土地利用/覆盖变化是认识人类活动对气候和环境影响的基础。本文在耕地面积、人口数量、土地利用及森林分布等多源数据基础上,分别以近代耕地空间分布格局和历史时期耕地潜在分布区为边界条件,通过构建耕地垦殖倾向指数模型分配耕地面积,在1 km×1 km象元尺度上重建了清末(1908年)松嫩平原耕地空间格局,并对重建结果进行分析比较。结果表明:1两种方法重建的耕地空间分布范围格局基本一致,耕地空间定位吻合率约为68%。清末(1908年)耕地集中分布在松嫩平原东部和南部地区;2以历史时期耕地潜在分布为边界条件的重建结果,较以近代耕地空间分布格局为限制范围的重建结果更准确,更符合历史事实。  相似文献   

Habitat modeling for health sovereignty: Increasing indigenous access to medicinal plants in northern Maine,USA     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

Medicinal plants and fungi play important roles in the health of Maliseet people of northern Maine, USA. A critical aspect of exercising choice in health care for this community is the ability to locate and have access to these plants. Habitat suitability modeling is a form of geospatial technology that can enhance health sovereignty by identifying locations in which populations of medicinal plants can be conserved or established. However, use of this technology within indigenous communities has been limited. Focusing on the medicinal plant muskrat root, Acorus americanus (Raf.) Raf., we generate a habitat suitability model for eastern Aroostook County, Maine (1,055,653.659 ha) that also takes community needs into consideration. Drawing on participatory ethnographic data as well as environmental characteristics, our model combines ecological and sociocultural parameters to identify previously unknown populations of A. americanus that are accessible to tribal elders. Our model successfully predicted 95% of A. americanus locations in our field validation data set of ∼71,000 ha. Results suggest that approximately 0.6% of our study area contains suitable habitat to plant muskrat root that could also meet tribal members' gathering needs for the future. Increasing the number of potential collection sites gives communities options for gathering, thereby enhancing health sovereignty. Broadly, our work suggests that, when done in partnership with communities, different forms of geospatial technology can be beneficial tools for efforts to promote health sovereignty.  相似文献   

The importance of place: Unraveling the vulnerability of fisherman livelihoods to the impact of marine protected areas     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

Marine protected areas (MPAs) hold great promise as an effective conservation tool, but the potential negative socioeconomic impacts of MPAs remain poorly understood. Indeed, little work has been done to advance the frameworks and methods needed to assess, measure, and communicate the potential negative socioeconomic impact of MPAs and incorporate this information in MPA planning and management efforts. To address this gap, we test a vulnerability assessment termed the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) that is designed to measure the relative potential impact a proposed MPA network may have upon fisherman livelihoods. To test the LVI, specifically we ask, how does the vulnerability of fishermen to the impact of MPAs differ across place? We explore this question through two core areas of inquiry surrounding the study of vulnerability assessments: 1) Ranking and comparing vulnerability and 2) Explaining attributes of vulnerability. Through this study we demonstrate how the historical and current conditions fishermen experience in a given place shape vulnerability levels in various ways. Variability in the attributes of a particular place such as weather conditions, the size of fishing areas, availability of alternative fisheries, and changes in kelp cover contribute inherently as measures of vulnerability but they also shape fishermen perceptions of what are important measures of vulnerability. Secondly, counter to existing notions, the use of weights in vulnerability assessments may not significantly impact vulnerability scores and ranking. Together these findings emphasize the need to test vulnerability assessments against actual experienced impact or harm across geographies and groups of fishermen towards an informed refinement of vulnerability assessments. We emphasize that the particularities of place are critical to understand, to appropriately assess and thus to effectively mitigate vulnerability in order to promote the future well being of fisherman livelihoods.  相似文献   

中国中心城市铁路客运的空间联系及其结构图谱   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  

王海江  苗长虹 《地理研究》2015,34(1)

基于全国286个地级城市交互式的"城市—车次—城市"铁路客运联系数据,运用基于O-D网络的GIS空间分析方法,从普快、快速、特快、动车和高铁等细分车次类型的角度全面解构全国铁路客运联系的空间格局与结构特征。研究认为,全国中心城市铁路空间联系分布格局体呈现向东倾斜的"开"字型结构,即由京沪—沪深线(沿海轴)、京广—京哈线两纵轴与陇海—兰新线、沪昆线两横轴相互交汇形成全国铁路客运的骨架。全国铁路客运联系服从类似城市体系的位序—规模分布特征,属于自然状态下集中型的空间最优分布。中国铁路客运联系总体上依托大的交通轴线以近域核心城市间的联系为主,动车组及高铁联系则集中表现为东部三大经济区间的联系。  相似文献